12 April 2007The Boston GlobeEliane Engeler
Dying dolphins in the Mediterranean, reduced livestock in Britain, the extinction of plants in the Alps, and frequent heat waves across the continent -- this is what is awaiting Europe in the next decades because of climate change, according to a report released yesterday.
The bleak outlook was outlined in the second of four reports explaining how global warming is changing life on earth. Scientists with the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change released a summary of their findings Friday and published the chapter on Europe yesterday.
Heat waves are a major concern on a continent unaccustomed to sweltering temperatures.
There used to be just one or two days a decade when temperatures in Basel, Switzerland, reached more than 95 degrees Fahrenheit, for example.
In the future, that will happen 10 to 14 days a year, said Martin Beniston, a University of Geneva professor who contributed to the report.
A heat wave struck Europe in 2003, leading to the deaths of tens of thousands and causing $15 million in agricultural damage.
More could be on the way, particularly in western France, Germany, and Switzerland, as well as areas of England and southern Europe, Beniston said.
"At least one summer out of two will be at least as hot as 2003 . . . by the end of this century," he said.
Climate change poses numerous other health risks: greater numbers of microbacteria affecting water quality, worsening air pollution, and more cases of skin cancer because of ozone depletion.
According to the report, more than half of Europe's plant species also will be endangered or face extinction by 2080 because of rising temperatures.
"Species are at risk in particular in the Alps," said Andreas Fischlin of the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Zurich and lead author of the report.
Dolphins in the Mediterranean Sea could die on a large scale from diseases triggered by rising water temperatures, while the icy breeding grounds seals need to reproduce in far northern Europe will diminish considerably.
Hotter summers and droughts also will threaten livestock such as pigs and broiler chickens in Britain, and droughts could reduce the productivity of crops in Ireland, the report says.
Southern Europe will be more severely affected by global warming than countries in the north, the panel said.
The region's hot and semiarid climate will become even warmer and more vulnerable to drought.
With hotter summers, tourists probably will shift their Mediterranean vacations to the spring or autumn or avoid southern Europe altogether, the report said.
With warmer European winters, less energy will be needed for heating homes and businesses, but torrid summer temperatures will escalate the demand for cooling systems.
By 2100, heating requirements will decrease 20 percent to 30 percent in Finland and about 40 percent in Switzerland.
But scientists estimate that in some parts of southern Europe, such as Italy or Spain, electricity needs for cooling will increase by 50 percent.
Sea levels on the planet are expected to rise about two to four times faster than today, says the report, which predicted an elevation of nearly 3 feet by 2100.
In Europe, sea levels may rise even 50 percent higher than this, according to the panel.
Up to 2.5 million people across the continent may experience coastal flooding by 2080, leading to land loss, the salinization of groundwater, and the destruction of houses, the report warns.
